Ecco cosa ho trovato per te: contenuti su gravidanza, parto, allattamento e maternità

Do you have to take the Down syndrome test and would you like to know what it is for, how to do it and how reliable it is? Mom, read on and you will know all about this important antenatal screening Summary What is the Down syndrome test? Downs syndrome testing When is down syndrome screening done How is down screening performed? Blood test for down syndrome Translucent ultrasound How long does the prenatal test for down syndrome last? How to prepare for the pregnant down syndrome test? Down syndrome test results Low-risk or negative Down syndrome test High-risk or positive Down syndrome test What to do if the down syndrome test is high risk. What is the Down syndrome test? The Down syndrome test, also called combined test, is a n on-invasive prenatal diagnostic test that is performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. It is not a test of certainty, since it does not give a sure and definitive result on the baby's health, but a prenatal screening that only provides an index of risk or probability that the fetus is affected by the disease. The result is the result of processing the data collected by the duo test consisting of: Maternal age Measurement of nuchal translucency Plasma level value of pregnancy-related protein A (PAPP-A) Free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (bhcg) value. These figures combined will produce an index of the baby's risk of having a genetic disease. Downs syndrome testing allows to achieve an accuracy of 91% in the risk assessment of Down syndrome and 98% for trisomy 18. If there is a positive combined test, you can choose whether or not to confirm the fetal disease with invasive prenatal investigations such as CVS or amniocentesis. Downs syndrome testing The down syndrome pregnancy test is a prenatal screening that only indicates if the fetus is at risk of being affected by trisomies 13, 18 and 21 respectively Pateau syndrome, Edwards syndrome and Down syndrome. The sampling data and fetal measurements made with the ultrasound of the bi test in pregnancy are combined and give an index of risk that the fetus is disturbed by morbidity. The exam will provide three types of results: low risk index; medium risk index; high risk index. The altered risk indices, to confirm the disease, require more detailed fetal tests to determine or not the type of pathology. When is down syndrome screening done? How many weeks Down syndrome screening is performed between the first trimester and the second trimester of pregnancy, between the 11th and 14th week of gestation. The test is aimed at all pregnant women regardless of age and high or low risk of fetal chromosomopathies. How is down screening performed? Down screening consisting of two different phases: a maternal blood test an ultrasound. Specifically, with the duo test, two proteins are measured, Free Beta HCG and PAPP-A, and a fetal ultrasound is performed to measure nuchal translucency. Blood test for down syndrome The test is based on taking a maternal blood sample to measure two substances B-HCG, free beta fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin; PAPP-A, plasma glycoprotein A associated with pregnancy. The two substances are of placental origin and in cases where the fetus is affected by Down syndrome the values ​​of papp-a and free beta can be altered. This alteration contributes to increasing the Bitest risk index Is it necessary to be fasted for blood sampling? It is not necessary to be fasting to undergo the blood sampling of the duo test. Translucent ultrasound In the second part of the screening, the mother is given an ultrasound called nuchal translucency in which the amount of fluids present between the spinal column and the skin in the nape of the fetus is measured using ultrasound. This area is called the nuchal fold of the fetus abbreviated to NT. The increased NT value represents a risk signal that the newborn is sick with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Internal or external scan? Generally the transnucal involves an external ultrasound performed transabdominally, but in the rare cases where there is no optimal visualization of the fetus, internal ultrasound is performed which involves the insertion of the probe inside the vagina. How long does the prenatal test for down syndrome last? The test in total takes approximately 30 minutes. The withdrawal takes only a few minutes The ultrasound requires less than 30 minutes, the time to visualize the fetus ultrasonographically and make the measurements. How to prepare for the pregnant down syndrome test? To undergo the pregnant down syndrome test there are no particular prescriptions to follow. Fasting is not necessary for the sampling, while for the echo it may be useful not to pee before the examination so that the bladder is full, favoring a better visualization of the gestational chamber and the fetus. Is Down's syndrome test reliable? Altered sampling values ​​(PAPP-A and beta HCG) have a 70% chance of identifying fetuses with the syndrome. If the blood values ​​of the duo test are evaluated together with the nuchal translucency, they bring the reliability of the test up to 85.90%. It must be said that being a statistical calculation there is also a small percentage of false positives or false negatives which is around 3%, this means that even if the results of Down's syndrome test give a low risk there is still a small residual risk that the fetus have an illness. Down syndrome test results The results of the downs syndrome blood test are the result of a software program in which the data collected through the examination are entered together with the maternal age. The data is processed by the computer generating a mathematical result called the risk index. The resulting risk probability is compared with a pattern in which there is a line called cut off. The results of the bitest below the cut off indicate a low risk near the cut off but if always below they express an intermediate risk above the cut off indicate another risk. It has been conventionally established that the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome is Reduced if it is less than 1: 350 example 1: 1000 Increased if greater than 1: 350 example 1: 200 The Down syndrome test is not a test of certainty but only a screening test that determines a possibility of risk therefore to make a certain diagnosis it is necessary to undergo an invasive prenatal examination such as villocentesis or amniocentesis which through the karyotype say with certainty whether the fetus has a chromosomal disease. How soon is the result? On average, the test report is available after seven days. The outcome of the prenatal test should always be discussed with your midwife or your gynecologist. Low-risk or negative Down syndrome test A risk probability of less than 1: 350 is considered low risk, therefore, the expectant mother is not directed to invasive screening tests as long as the couple of future parents want to be absolutely sure of the absence of fetal chromosomal diseases. High-risk or positive Down syndrome test In the case of an altered duo test, the fetus could be affected by Down syndrome or other chromosomal alterations. Normally in cases where there is a fetal disease, the serum concentration of HCG is higher than normal while the PAPP-A substance is lower than normal levels. In cases of suspected Down syndrome, the thickness of the nuchal fold is greater than normal. In conclusion, an alteration of these values ​​together with a positive bi test may suggest that the fetus is suffering from a disease that can only be diagnosed with more in-depth tests such as CVS or amniocentesis What to do if the down syndrome test is high risk. In the presence of impaired downs screening, health professionals recommend further confirmatory tests to the pregnant woman. The execution of more invasive examinations is not mandatory and depends only on the will of the parents to investigate the clinical case. The in-depth exams consist of: Amniocentesis Villocentesis Fetal DNA test or Nip test If there is an increased risk, amniocentesis and CVS are free and fully paid for by the national health system, while the Nip test is not a loanable test. Villocentesis and down syndrome test CVS is an invasive prenatal examination that is performed between the 11th and 13th week of pregnancy. A small sample of chorionic villi is taken through the villus, which will then be analyzed to make a chromosomal evaluation of fetal well-being. Being an invasive exam it is not without risks. Amniocentesis and down syndrome test Amniocentesis is recommended in cases of high-risk bi-test to carry out a study on fetal chromosomes, arriving at a certain diagnosis of fetal disease. The sampling is performed starting from the 16th week of pregnancy and being an invasive procedure has a slight risk of abortion and rupture of the membranes. Fetal DNA (nip test) and down syndrome test In cases of intermediate risk it is possible to perform fetal DNA. It is a non-invasive test (a simple blood sample from the mother) which is performed between the 10th week and the 12th week of pregnancy and allows to detect the fetal DNA circulating in the maternal blood. The test has a 99% reliability for Down syndrome but much less for other trisomies, therefore, in cases where there are multiple risk factors for a possible fetal malformation, CVS and amniocentesis are the most reliable investigations. Mammamather pocket obstetrician Read also: How to prepare the maternity bag? 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Antenatal classes! Preparing for childbirth in the correct way allows you to experience the birth of a child in a peaceful way and ensures a quick recovery of the mother. Here are the things you absolutely need to know before giving birth, things to prepare and tips for taking care of yourself and your baby. When to prepare for childbirth The preparation for childbirth is of considerable importance for every woman because it allows her to dissolve doubts and uncertainties relating to labor, the birth of the baby and the puerperium. During pregnancy, strong emotions are experienced and both physical and psychological changes occur in the pregnant woman who, in order to be experienced at their best, require friendly support accompanied by right and correct information on what will happen during birth and what actually needs to be done to prepare for the best. Whether you will give birth in a physiological way or with a caesarean section, the preparation for childbirth should begin in the third trimester of pregnancy around the thirtieth week in order to organize the house in time, prepare the mother's body for the big event and above all do everything calmly. without the rush of the last moment. How to prepare for childbirth Childbirth preparation consists in preparing for the birth physically and psychologically ready, receiving correct information that improves the well-being of the mind and body of the new mother. I'm sure you will have a thousand questions to ask about childbirth, what to prepare, how to organize the home, how to start breastfeeding and much more. Well you are in the right place! Here you will find a lineup of things you need to plan before giving birth and tips to put into practice for a stress-free birth. First of all, you will have to choose the facility where to give birth and the delivery options it offers. Not all maternity wards are equipped to have a particular birth experience, for example, some birth points offer the possibility to give birth in water or to have a totally demedicalized humanized birth, others still allow the partner or the trusted person of the pregnant woman. to witness labor and birth. Another important assessment to make when choosing where to give birth is to make sure there is adequate support for the newborn, such as the neonatal ward, should the newborn need to be cared for. The person who attends the birth is generally the baby's father but if for various reasons this is not the case, choose a person you trust and with whom you can be free to express your intimacy as a woman and mother. After choosing the facility in which to give birth to the newborn, visit the ward, ask for information on the rules within it such as visiting hours, hospitalization, services offered and any questions that you think can improve your stay. Last but not least, get in touch with your trusted midwife in order to have a valid and competent point of reference who will help you not only at the time of the birth but in the whole phase of childbirth preparation. How to organize the house? Preparing for childbirth also presupposes the preparation and reorganization of the house in view of the baby's arrival, you will have to set up everything so that you can care for it in a fluid manner. First of all, it is necessary to identify a space inside the master bedroom where to place the cot, a quiet place, away from drafts and not in transit. In another area of ​​the house you will need to have a nappy changing area with everything you need for the baby. Babies do not need many things but it is important for their safety and comfort that they are all close at hand so that they can easily take what is needed to meet a need for the little one. To prepare for the baby's arrival, write a list of the things the baby needs to have everything under control and not forget anything. Write down the really essential things in the list and don't buy too many clothes, babies grow up fast. You can make a list to share with friends and relatives like the Amazon one that has no obligation to purchase and offers the advantage of being able to be shared so that whoever wants to give you a gift chooses what you have previously put on the list. The baby's clothes should be washed with a specific soap for babies or with a totally natural one such as Marseille soap. Normal detergents can contain fragrances and give allergies to the baby's delicate skin. After washing, rinse the clothes thoroughly and lay them out in the sun, then organize the drawers in a functional way. How to prepare the delivery bag? The delivery bag must contain everything necessary for the mother in the labor room and for the newborn. Prepare the bag around the seventh month of pregnancy so that you are ready for any unexpected hospitalization. Inside the suitcase do not forget to put the pregnancy documents and a valid document of yours. How to prepare for childbirth: breasts and perineum Your body also needs to prepare for childbirth. You will be able to prepare your breasts for breastfeeding with the correct hygienic breast care and possibly massage your nipples, especially if they are inverted. Breast preparation must begin no earlier than the thirty-fourth week because the solicitation of the nipples could favor uterine contractions. Preparing the mother's body for childbirth also consists in taking care of the perineum, which plays an active role at the time of childbirth. Perineal care and attention during pregnancy should be done with perineum massage and exercises for the perineum that allow you to become aware of this important part of the body. The preparation of the perineum serves to make it elastic in order to avoid lacerations and episiotomy during childbirth. Trivially, preparing for childbirth also includes how to shave before labor. Prepartum hair removal is called a trichotomy and can be done two weeks before the expected date of delivery. How to prepare for natural childbirth Natural childbirth is anticipated by symptoms and signs that the time of birth is near. Loss of the mucous plug, preparatory and irregular contractions are just some of the pre-birth symptoms. Preparing for delivery means recognizing the signs to assess whether it is true labor or false labor. Active labor is preceded by a phase called prodromal in which the contractions are not very annoying and appear irregular. The preparation for birth will allow you to recognize when the actual labor begins so that you can go to the hospital for the birth of the baby. You will also be able to learn about the stages of childbirth and what they are characterized by, how to push effectively and the various positions to give birth. Prepare for caesarean delivery Even a caesarean section requires proper preparation. Ask for information at the facility where you will be undergoing the surgery in order to know the length of stay, the preparation process with the anesthetist and the things to show at the time of admission. Do not forget to ask the midwife who will assist you to start breastfeeding immediately after the caesarean section if you want to do so and if it is possible to do skin to skin in the operating room. Pain management in the delivery room Pain management techniques in childbirth are of great help to the woman in labor regardless of whether she is in her first second or third child. The natural techniques for suffering pain are breathing, movement, pain relieving positions and relaxation. Learning the breathing patterns, perhaps together with the partner present in the delivery room, allow you to better tolerate the birth contractions. In addition to natural techniques, you can request painless childbirth using epidural analgesia. Get in touch with the hospital in order to prepare for analgesia with the anesthetist and have everything ready when labor begins. Tips for post partum After giving birth, you need to take care of your body in the right way and with the right products. Practicing proper intimate hygiene will help you have a faster recovery. Learning to recognize the signs of a possible infection or an abnormal lochiation allow the new mother to intervene promptly and easily find the solution to a possible clinical problem. The correct dressing of any sutures or episiorraphy, or of the caesarean section, will allow you to resume a satisfying sex life and not to alter the normal containment functions. After the birth of the baby it will be necessary to register it in the registry office and in different ways if the parents are married or not, informed about the procedure to follow to complete this bureaucratic practice. Prepare for breastfeeding Preparing for childbirth also means awareness of the important function of colostrum first and then of breast milk for the baby's nutrition. To start breastfeeding, it is necessary to attach the baby correctly to avoid nipple discomfort and promote milk supply. Proper birth preparation informs you about breastfeeding positions and breast milk storage. How to prepare for childbirth: the book To help you prepare for both natural birth and caesarean delivery, here is a book for you that represents a prepared course on paper. You will have useful tips to prepare for the baby's arrival, in particular in preparing your body, home and what you will need for the birth and for the hospital stay. You will be aware of the function of the perineum in pregnancy, how to prepare it for childbirth and how to care for it after birth. You will recognize the signs that anticipate childbirth. I will tell you about the relaxation techniques that you can use in the moment of labor, and the pharmacological techniques for pain control such as epidural analgesia. You will immerse yourself in the amazing birth event, understanding the dynamics that characterize it. You will live post partum well by taking care of yourself and understanding the signals that your body is sending you. You will address important issues after childbirth such as the process to reveal the newborn at the registry office, sadness after childbirth and sexuality with the partner. You will know how to feed your baby by latching him to the breast correctly, the properties of colostrum and the arrival of milk. You will take care of your baby in a conscious way. As I like to say I will try to take care not only of what your body is but above all of your mind.

Baby soap is essential for preparing the first baby food. Here is the recipe for a good broth suitable for weaning, the doses and quantities, storage and different methods of preparation (fresh, with pressure cooker, with Thermomix) Summary Vegetable broth recipe What water to use for baby soup? How long should the baby soup cook? Broth with meat Which vegetables to use? Recipe with Thermomix Preparation with baby food cooker With pressure cooker Storage Broth with peas Broth with lettuce Broth with pumpkin The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months and starting weaning only after the baby is 6 months old. It is always good to start weaning the newborn under pediatric supervision and never independently. The digestive system of the newborn is very delicate and before 6 months it is not ready for the digestion of some foods so it is always good to rely on the advice of the pediatrician. Baby soup How to prepare baby soup? The weaning vegetable broth is one of the first recipes that mothers cook at the beginning of weaning, a good and tasty food used as the basis of the first baby food with the addition of rice cream, corn cream and tapioca or semolina and pasta. The vegetable broth can also be used for the preparation of baby food for weaning based on cheese, meat or fish. So let's see together how to prepare a vegetable broth for babies. Vegetable broth recipe The ingredients for a baby vegetable broth should be of organic origin and free of pesticides , in order to offer the baby a natural and digestible weaning broth. You can buy the vegetables in an organic market or from your trusted gardener specifying that they will be used to prepare baby food for weaning. For mothers who feel like it, they can grow vegetables directly at home, perhaps in pots on the balcony. Another tip is to use fresh vegetables that have not been in the fridge for too long in order to be loaded with vitamins. Ingredients for baby soap potato carrot courgette celery Vegetable broth preparation How to make a vegetable broth? The procedure is very simple, let's see it together: Wash the vegetables thoroughly with plenty of running water and peel them with aknife or potato peeler. Cut the vegetables into coarse cubes. Soak the vegetables in a liter of water Boil the vegetable broth Do not add salt to the broth What water to use for baby soup? You can use tap water or water suitable for children . It is always good to use water with a very low sodium content (Na +) and with absence or traces of nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-) How long should the baby soup cook? Normally the cooking time for a good broth is about 1 hour over medium heat , but the rule is always that to cook a nutritious vegetable broth for children, the water must be halved. Baby soup with meat When weaning is advanced and the baby appreciates and digests the meat, the vegetable broth can be enriched with meat. The preparation of vegetable broth with meat can be of two types: Adding a small piece of meat to the vegetable broth by choosing a cut suitable for the baby by cooking it together with the vegetables. Steam the piece of meat and, once cooked, blend it and add it to the vegetable broth cooked separately. Which vegetables to use? How do you prepare your first weaning meal? What weaning vegetables to use? The first weaning baby food is preferable to prepare it only with the broth, then you can pass the vegetables and add them to the broth in order to prepare a vegetable soup. The vegetable broth is used to prepare soup for babies and can be used for the preparation of creams, semolina, corn and tapioca creams, or it can be used for a porridge based on cheese, meat or fish. At the beginning of weaning it is always good to use carrots, potatoes, celery and zucchini for the preparation of the vegetable broth. Gradually you will be able to introduce other vegetables having the foresight to present them to the child one at a time in order to understand if it is the cause of any allergies. If several vegetables are introduced at the same time, it is not known which one is the offending one. Slowly it is possible to introduce artichokes, green beans, peas, spinach, chard, pumpkin, onion, fennel and lettuce, cauliflower, and pumpkin for the preparation of the broth. Recipe with the Thermomix The Thermomix is ​​a valid ally for the preparation of vegetable broth and other baby food for weaning. There are numerous recipes for Thermomix baby food that are easy, genuine and quick to prepare. Vegetable broth Thermomix Tm5 recipe Ingredients 1 courgette 1 carrot 1 potato 1 stalk of celery 1 liter of water Method Put the vegetables cut in half in the Thermomix Add 1 liter of water Cook at 100 ° on speed 1 for 30 minutes Drain the broth and blend the remaining vegetables in the mixing bowl on speeds 3 to 9 for 15 seconds. Vegetable broth with pappa-cooker Preparing a good vegetable broth for weaning babies is really simple. The baby food cookers are appliances specially designed for the preparation of baby food. Their strength is versatility, in fact they are able to homogenize, steam, mince, blend and even defrost quickly. The procedure for preparing the broth with the baby food cooker is identical to that in the saucepan only that the vegetables are placed inside the appliance. You set the way, the temperature and the cooking time and then it will do everything by itself. Babymoov Nutribaby Plus 5 in 1 Nutritionist Approved Food Processor with Steam Cooker, Multi-Speed Blender, Baby Puree Maker, Warmer, Defroster, Steriliser The Avent baby food cooker is the best-selling household appliance in the world for the preparation of genuine baby food for weaning babies. Cook, defrost, steam, blend and heat homemade baby food. The real innovation is that it can cook up to four meals at the same time through the 1000ml jar. Avent includes in the product the award-winning book by nutritionist Emma Williams with many recipes to prepare for the baby. Vegetable broth with pressure cooker Mothers who do not have a lot of time can use the pressure cooker to prepare the vegetable broth for weaning. Just put the vegetables (carrot, potato, courgette and celery) in a pressure cooker, add half a liter of water and cook for about 20 minutes. In a short time you will have a genuine and versatile weaning broth to prepare tasty baby food. A traditional pressure cooker like the one below can be used Or the innovative electric pressure cookers which, besides being versatile, are very comfortable and safe. How to store vegetable broth Vegetable broth is the basis for many soups and baby food for weaning. The ideal would be to cook it fresh every day but it is not always possible so you can prepare it in advance and keep it. At the beginning of weaning the portion of vegetable broth used is very small, in fact with 1 liter of water you can prepare 6 doses of vegetable broth. Storage of the broth in the refrigerator The baby soup can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours. Storage of vegetable broth in the freezer For mothers with little time available, the ideal is to prepare a good fresh vegetable broth and then store it in the freezer. You can safely decide to cook the broth once a weeks, divide it into individual portions and freeze it. The freshly prepared vegetable broth can be stored in the freezer for about 3 months. Two different methods can be used to freeze it. You can use the ice cube mold in order to have mini-portions always ready. You can use special single-portion containers suitable for being frozen. With a vegetable broth always available you can prepare many baby food in a very short time Baby soup with peas Peas are the first legumes to be introduced with weaning because they are very digestible. The recipe is very simple Ingredients 100 gr of peas a carrot a potato extra virgin olive oil Method Peel, wash and dice the potato and carrot and boil them in water. Shell the peas and cook them in a saucepan for 30 minutes. When all the vegetables are cooked, drain and blend everything. Serve with a drizzle of raw oil. Baby soup with lattuce Ingredients 100 gr of lettuce 1 potato 1 carrot extra virgin olive oil 1 tablespoon of Parmesan (optional) Method Peel, wash and dice the potato and carrot. Wash the lettuce and cook it in a saucepan with 300 ml of milk along with the vegetables. Cook the potato, carrot and lettuce together for 20-30 minutes over medium heat. Blend and serve with a drizzle of oil and a tablespoon of Parmesan. Baby soup with pumpkin Ingredients 1 slice of pumpkin 100 gr 1 carrot 1 small potato extra virgin olive oil Method Peel, wash and dice the potato and carrot. Clean the pumpkin, remove the seeds and cut it into thin slices. Cook the potato, carrot and pumpkin together for 20-30 minutes over medium heat. Blend and serve with a drizzle of oil and a tablespoon of Parmesan. I hope I have helped you and answered all the questions about the first vegetable broth. If you know other recipes write them in the comments below, me and the other mothers will be happy to read you. Mammamather pocket obstetrician

Are you struggling with a diaper change and don't know how to do it? Mom, not alone, keep reading and reading all the answers on how to change the diaper. Summary Changing the diaper When to change your baby's nappy Where to change the diaper Material needed to change the diaper How to change the diaper How to put the diaper Changing the baby boy's diaper Diaper change for females Diaper change with the umbilical stump Where to throw away dirty diapers Red bottom and diaper rash Diaper change after rotavirus vaccine Frequently asked questions about changing nappies Changing the diaper Changing a diaper is much less difficult than you might imagine. Especially in the first months you will have to change countless diapers, at all hours, day and night, before and after feedings. But don't be afraid, the care of the newborn and in particular the diaper change is a delicate and special moment that can turn into a moment of pampering. When to change your baby's nappy It's not hard to tell when it's time to change the diaper, the baby will snort and start making little noises. In addition to the baby's verses, the smell of pee and poo will certainly leave you in no doubt. If you are afraid of not knowing when to clean the baby there are diapers that help parents know when the baby needs to be changed, in fact they are equipped with a sensitive strip that changes color in contact with liquids, therefore, it will be enough to see the color to know whether or not to change the diaper. The diaper should be changed often, preferably before each feed (especially if the baby is breastfed and every time the baby has pooped or peed to prevent the little ass from getting red. The skin of babies is very thin and still lacks the invisible film of water and fat, called the hydrolipidic film, which serves as a protective barrier; prolonged contact with poop and urine can promote inflammation. The baby's skin is delicate, very sensitive and prone to redness and irritation when in contact with the aggressive action of excretions. Where to change the diaper Changing the diaper must be done on a safe plane and with the careful eye of an adult. The surface on which to place the baby for the change must be soft and comfortable, suitable to avoid accidental falls or trauma. If you are at home you can use the changing table or a soft surface covered with a waterproof sheet. Changing nappies outside the home can be done using a portable changing table. Many diaper changing bags have integrated a foldable changing mat, so changing your diaper on the go won't be a problem. Alternatively, you can bring a portable changing table. If the baby suffers from reflux, it is advisable to change the diaper before feeding to avoid putting the baby in the supine position after feeding. In cases where the infant with reflux needs to be changed after eating it is a good idea to place a pillow between the changing table and the baby's back to keep the baby lifted and avoid regurgitation. If you have an anti-reflux pillow , change it there, it's the best place. The diaper change environment must be warm and away from drafts. Before starting the operation, make sure you have all the necessary material close and at hand. If you find that you are missing something while you are changing your baby, never leave him unattended, rather wrap him in a towel and take him with you. When you make the change try to always look your little one in the eye, over time he will learn to return the maternal gaze and create a delicate dance of love. Material needed to change the diaper A clean diaper ( disposable , washable or ecological ); Cotton balls, warm water and intimate baby cleanser or wipes; A small towel; Diaper change cream (no lotions or talcum powder needed); Spare clothes in case something came out of the nappy and soiled the onesie. Baby intimate If the baby is only wet with pee, especially in the first days of life, it is good to use only lukewarm water. If the baby is dirty with faeces for washing, use a very delicate detergent specific for the private parts of babies. Products that do not contain perfumed essences but only light emulsions with a low degree of acidity that do not grease the skin are recommended. The best intimate cleansers for babies are: Mustela intimate cleanser : specifically formulated for the intimate hygiene of babies and for the treatment of redness and irritation. With physiological PH and allergen-free, it soothes the skin of newborns thanks to a series of active ingredients. Natura Siberica Little Siberica: this cleanser respects the skin of the urogenital area of ​​newborns. Specifically indicated for cleansing at each diaper change because it does not alter the mucous membranes of the intimate parts. My Euphidra starch: soft consistency made up of ingredients of vegetable origin associated with a soothing and emollient complex. A product suitable for daily use Oil and talcum powder Oil and talcum powder are not necessary. The talcum powder is absolutely not recommended by pediatricians. The oil should be used in a cotton swab to gently remove traces of poo attached to the bottom. The oil should never be passed on the buttocks or genitals because it does not have a moisturizing effect, on the contrary it tends to dry out the skin and close the pores. How to change the diaper Wash your hands well with soap and water, if you are away from home, clean them with a towel. Have something on hand to distract the child or entertain them with verses, funny faces and songs. You can hang a colorful toy that attracts attention or a music box above the changing table. Gently place the baby on the changing table or on the table where you want to change the baby Open the adhesive tabs of the dirty diaper but do not remove it immediately, first check the situation. If the baby has pooped, use the front of the dirty diaper to roughly clean the dirty bottom, then fold it with the clean side facing up so that it acts as a surface. If the baby has peed, simply fold the diaper in half like a book, keeping the clean side facing the baby. At this point you just have to clean the baby's bottom and genitals. You can do this in three different ways: With cotton squares and hot water; With running water; With baby wipes. How to clean the baby with cotton squares and warm water If you want to clean the baby with hot water and gauze before starting the baby change, fill a basin with warm water and dip some squares of gauze into it. Squeeze the square lightly and start cleaning the baby's genitals from the front to the back and never the other way around. For each step use a different wad, in the end never immerse it in clean water but throw it away. Be careful to go over all the folds of the baby. When you are sure that you have thoroughly cleansed the baby, dry it carefully by dabbing without rubbing. How to clean the baby with running water To clean the baby with running water (recommended method for large poos or meconium) open the sink tap with warm water, carefully checking its temperature. To perform the bottom cleaning operation, the baby must be held in support with the belly on the mother's right arm and with the feet touching the sink. With your left hand, clean the baby carefully, from the genitals to the bottom to avoid contamination. Wrap the baby from the waist down with a soft, non-abrasive towel. Return the baby to the changing table and dry the ass well, trying not to leave wet or damp areas, especially between the folds. How to clean the newborn with wipes Wipes are a great method of cleaning outside the home and at night. For cleaning with wipes, always proceed with movements from front to back, remembering to clean up the vulvar area in the sissies, between the large and small lips; in boys the foreskin area. Only after having removed all traces of fecal material, especially between the folds, dry carefully. Before putting on the clean diaper, make sure the baby's bottom is completely dry. How to put the diaper After washing the baby you are ready to put on the diaper. Open the clean diaper and place it open close to you so that it is easily accessible without having to move too far away from the baby. Lift the baby's legs from the ankles by holding both the baby's ankles with one hand and with the other place the clean diaper under the back just above the waist. The side of the diaper with the adhesive tabs must be under the baby Apply the nappy changing cream. Bring the front part of the diaper between the baby's legs by pulling lightly then remove the adhesive tab protection from one side of the diaper and attach it to the front of the diaper. Do the same thing on the opposite side. The tabs can be detached and repositioned several times. Make sure that the nappy is not too tight or too loose: at the top, in the front, between the nappy and the tummy there must be space for two fingers. Changing the baby boy's diaper If you have a boy, keep the diaper over the penis as much as possible in order to avoid getting wet, male babies are very good at making fountains with pee. Don't be surprised if you notice erections during nappy changes, it is a completely normal phenomenon during nappy changes. The penis should be washed and rinsed carefully only on the outside. Carefully clean the space under the scrotum and around the penis. It is forbidden to force the skin to uncover the glans, this maneuver once recommended, can have consequences causing infections or worse still the constriction of the glans. Clean the crease between the legs and the foreskin. When you have finished washing the weasel, move on to the buttocks and only at the end to the anal area. Diaper change for females Girls' hygiene includes cleaning the vulva and external genitals. To avoid carrying the bacteria that are normally found in the anus area into the vagina or urethra, we proceed with movements that start from the front to the back. It is necessary to carefully clean between the large and small lips without rubbing. After having thoroughly cleaned the genitals, we proceed by cleaning the buttocks and finally the anus. Yellow mucus in the baby girl's genitals, genital crisis In the first weeks of life of newborns it can happen to find vaginal secretions in the diaper. Vaginal discharge is completely normal and it is absolutely not advisable to try to remove it. Mucous losses are due to the effect of maternal hormones received through the placenta over the course of nine months. After 15-20 days their effects wear off. Diaper change with the umbilical stump If the umbilical stump is still attached, fold the diaper down (as shown in the diaper change video above) and expose the umbilical area to air, avoiding getting it wet. If the gauze around the stump is wet, dress the cord before putting on the clean diaper. The umbilical cord usually falls off in 7-14 days and must be kept dry and clean during this time. To facilitate good circulation in the area, the diaper should be closed below the umbilical area so that the stump dries easily. The umbilical cord should be cleaned with a gauze soaked in alcohol and left to dry naturally for a few seconds. During this operation, babies often cry but not because they are in pain but bothered by the fresh contact with the gauze. Normally the cord is odorless, the presence of bad smell is always synonymous with an infection that needs treatment. It is advisable to consult the pediatrician if the area around the stump has red spots or fluid leaks For further information: Umbilical stump. Where to throw away dirty diapers Dirty nappies should be closed with the adhesive tabs, forming a compact sphere. Dirty diapers can be placed in a special dirty diaper holder that removes the bad smell from the diapers, or in the unsorted garbage. Washable nappies should be kept in a tightly closed container until washing, remembering to always remove the absorbent pad. If you are away from home, you can keep dirty washable nappies in a plastic bag until you come home. Sore bottom and diaper rash If the bottom is reddened, it is good to put a zinc oxide ointment with a concentration of 14% and leave the area exposed to the air if the environmental conditions allow it. After washing and drying the genitals, you can put on a diaper rash cream. Diaper creams are designed to create a real barrier between the baby's delicate skin and the diaper. The most recommended are those based on zinc which are also effective in case of erythema. The best diaper changing creams are: Weleda protective cream Protective paste Bepantenol Fissan protective paste Metanium Nappy Rash Mustela nappy change paste If the erythema persists despite the use of the cream, it may be useful to change the brand of diapers. In cases of irritation from allergy nappies, cloth nappies can be used using a neutral detergent to wash them and hanging them in the sun to dry them. If diaper rash persists despite the protective cream and washable diapers, consult your pediatrician to assess whether the infection is caused by other factors. Diaper change after rotavirus vaccine After rotavirus vaccination, diaper changes require special attention because the attenuated virus administered is eliminated in the faeces in the days following vaccination. The peak of contaminated stool is around 7 days after the vaccine. Even if an attenuated virus without pathogenic capacity is administered to the newborn with the vaccine, it is necessary to avoid contaminating the surfaces with feces that could expose immunosuppressed subjects to the disease. The rules to follow are very simple, wash your hands well before and after changing the diaper and take particular care of the hygiene of the surfaces and fabrics used for the diaper change. Frequently asked questions about changing nappies Diaper change before or after feeding For a well-established practice, the change must be done before breastfeeding. Very often, however, after the meal it is necessary to repeat the operation because almost all newborns, and in particular those who are breastfed, are discharged during the feeding. Diaper change at night If the diaper is dirty and the baby is asleep, it is not necessary to wake him up for the change, it will be enough to make gentle movements to not wake him up. As an alternative to washing with running water, wet wipes can be used. Because she cries when I change the diaper Babies very often cry and throw tantrums during the change. The main cause of crying during the change is the cold hands of the mother or the wipes. The baby may not like being undressed, or may feel cold. The more tender and delicate the diaper change, the easier it will be for the little one to get used to it. Mammamather pocket obstetrician Read also How to prevent cot death Ketosis in children how to lose weight after childbirth To be always informed subscribe to our news letter that you find below and follow us on Instagram, you will never be alone. If you want to buy the products for your baby and your health recommended by Mammamather, all you have to do is click on the button.

Are you pregnant and curious to know how your body changes during pregnancy? Here's what you need to know about physical body changes in pregnancy in order to take care of yourself properly. Summary Body changes in pregnancy Changes in the female reproductive system Breast changes Respiratory System Belly in pregnancy Cardiovascular system in pregnancy Stomach and gastrointestinal system Urinary tract in pregnancy Posture Skin in pregnancy Hair in pregnancy Metabolism in pregnancy Thyroid in pregnancy Smell in pregnancy Emotional state in pregnancy Hormones in pregnancy Body change during pregnancy During the nine months of pregnancy something extraordinary happens in the womb of every woman. A life originates from a love, from two cells and from two individuals and the mother's body represents a cradle whose fetus is protected, nourished, warmed and cradled. Physical changes in pregnancy are mainly due to hormonal changes, the growth of the fetus and the physiological adaptation that the mother's body makes to allow the correct development of the fetus. Some changes are visible from the first weeks of pregnancy such as amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), nausea, sensitive nipples and an increase in white discharge from the genitals. From week to week the changes may decrease or increase such as heartburn (reflux), frequent urination and fatigue. The major changes in pregnancy generally occur from month to month such as an increase in the belly, swollen legs. Well mom let's start this journey, let's find out how the body of the expectant woman changes internally. Changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy The most important changes during the nine months of gestation are borne by the female apparatus and allow the embryo first and then the fetus to feed, grow and develop. Uterus in pregnancy The changes in the uterus during pregnancy are significant enough to totally change the position of the uterus itself. Outside of pregnancy, the uterus is a small pear-shaped organ weighing about 60 grams; at the end of pregnancy it weighs about 1,100 grams, reaching the volume of a watermelon. The increase in the size of the uterus is a consequence of the distension of the growing fetus, the development of the placenta, the amniotic fluid and the amniochorial membranes. The fibrous tissue that makes up the uterus adds strength and elasticity to the muscle wall, allowing it to expand. The changes in the uterus do not end there, the growing placenta and fetal development lead to an increase in blood flow to the uterus. From the first weeks of pregnancy, try to periodically touch the uterus in order to familiarize yourself with its growth. Cervix in pregnancy The cervix during pregnancy is stimulated by the hormone estrogen which stimulates the increase in the activity of its cells. The endocervical glands secrete a thick and sticky mucus that accumulates forming the so-called mucous plug that seals the uterus and prevents the rise of microorganisms. The mucous plug remains in place for the entire period of gestation (except in cases of threatened preterm birth where it can be expelled) protecting the fetus from possible infections coming from the vagina. Loss of the plug occurs in the prodromal phase of labor when cervical dilation begins. The hyperactivity of the glands of the cervix can result in abundant white vaginal discharge, this is the reason why pregnant women complain of increased vaginal secretions. Pregnancy changes of the ovary In the early stages of pregnancy, the ovary plays a very important role, secreting hormones to support the fertilized oocyte through the corpus luteum of gravity while waiting for the placenta to develop. During pregnancy, the ovaries stop producing oocytes, instead secreting the hormone progesterone until about the seventh week. When the placenta is fully formed, the corpus luteum begins to slowly disintegrate. Vagina in pregnancy The increased blood flow into the vulva gives it a purplish blue appearance. The vagina in pregnancy is stimulated by estrogen which causes a dilation of the vaginal walls together with an increase in vaginal secretions. Vaginal discharge in pregnancy is thick, mucous, white and very acidic and represents a useful defense mechanism to make a barrier to pathogenic microorganisms that could rise from the vagina to the uterus infecting the fetus. In pregnancy, the vaginal pH is slightly more acidic which favors vaginal Candida infections, for this reason the months of gestation are a period susceptible to candidiasis. At the end of pregnancy, the vagina, vulva and perineum become soft and relaxed to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal. To increase the elasticity of the perineum, in the third trimester of pregnancy it is useful to practice the perineum massage. Breast changes in pregnancy The pregnant breasts become enlarged and the nipples become very sensitive to the touch. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are responsible for breast changes during pregnancy. The breasts enlarge and become more nodular as the glands grow in number and size to prepare for breastfeeding. Superficial veins are visible, the nipples are more turgid. The areola darkens and on its round surface sometimes tiny dark dots are highlighted, these are sebaceous glands that increase in size. Nipples in pregnancy The nipples in pregnancy become darker and very sensitive even to slight touches. From the second trimester of pregnancy, droplets of white-yellowish serum can occur, this is the precious colostrum. Colostrum is the precursor of breast milk. Respiratory system in pregnancy Changes in the respiratory system during pregnancy help meet the increased oxygen requirements of the mother and fetus; as well as to expel the carbon dioxide produced by both. The air inspired by the mother increases by 30 to 40%. The increase in the volume of the uterus, as the months of pregnancy proceed, exerts an upward pressure, lifting the diaphragm and causing the mother an unpleasant feeling of not being able to breathe deeply. Belly in pregnancy In the first month of pregnancy, the belly may appear more swollen than normal. The swelling of the belly during pregnancy is not due to the presence of the baby, who is still tiny, but only to the increase in intestinal gas. Belly growth begins between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy. The belly instead begins to be particularly visible between the 5th month and the 6th month of pregnancy. Changes in the cardiovascular system in pregnancy During pregnancy, blood flow to the uterus, placenta and breast increases, and there is also an increase in the number of red blood cells due to the increased transport of oxygen. Blood pressure drops slightly as it reaches its lowest levels in the second trimester, then gradually rises again until it returns to pre-pregnancy levels at the end of the third trimester. The increase in the volume of the uterus exerts pressure in the underlying blood vessels and this condition can lead to edema in the lower limbs (swollen legs), hemorrhoids and varicosities in the veins of the legs, vulva and rectum. When the mother lies on her back, the uterus compresses the blood vessels below, reducing the return of venous flow from the lower areas to the heart. For this reason, it is very common to suffer from dizziness, low blood pressure, paleness and sweating during pregnancy. To avoid these discomfort it is always recommended to lie down on the left side and never face up in order to favor blood return. Changes in the stomach and gastrointestinal system Nausea and vomiting are common in the first trimester of pregnancy. The gums bleed more easily and saliva secretion can increase becoming annoying causing drooling. The high levels of the hormone progesterone are responsible for the relaxation of the stomach muscles, which causes intestinal swelling, constipation and heartburn (heartburn) in the pregnant woman. Acid reflux in pregnancy is also aggravated by the pressure exerted by the enlarged uterus upwards, compressing the stomach and moving the intestine laterally, all of which increases food digestion times. Also due to the effect of progesterone, the valve that closes the stomach, the cardia, relaxes, causing stomach pain and acid reflux. It is possible to feel a sense of heaviness that lasts for a few hours after meals; this is because the stomach is no longer able to empty itself as quickly as before. Urinary tract changes in pregnancy In the first trimester, the enlarged uterus presses considerably against the bladder, inducing an increase in urinary frequency. The increase in urination in the second trimester tends to decrease, in fact the uterus expanding rises upwards, decreasing the pressure against the bladder. Urinary frequency reappears in the third trimester when the now bulky uterus presses again against the bladder. Posture in pregnancy The joints in the pelvis somehow loosen due to hormonal influences. The result is a swaying gait, for the same causes the center of gravity is gradually changed and the curvature of the back becomes more pronounced, causing a change in posture. The change in posture compensates for the weight gain that the uterus creates and which frequently causes lower back pain. Skin in pregnancy During pregnancy, changes in skin pigmentation may occur, ie a darker color, originating from the increase in the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Pigmentation increases in the areola, nipples, vulva and perineum. The skin in the center of the abdomen can develop a dark line, called the Nigra line, which extends from the navel to the mount of Venus. The so-called chloasma gravidarum can occur which consists of a darkening of the skin on the cheekbones, nose and forehead. Chloasma is more evident in women with dark hair and after sun exposure. Fortunately, chloasma gravidarum fades immediately after the birth of the baby when the hormonal influence disappears. Stretch marks in pregnancy generally appear on the abdomen, hips, buttocks and breasts. Small bright red elevations can appear on the chest, neck, face, arms and legs, again caused by high levels of estrogen. Hair in pregnancy Pregnancy hair becomes more beautiful, shinier and easier to comb as the new hormonal situation decreases the production of fat in the scalp. The speed of hair growth may decrease but the number of hair bulbs increases. Only hair that is already naturally dry can look more stringy. Metabolism changes in pregnancy During pregnancy, all the metabolic functions triggered by the increased demand from the growing fetus increase. To ensure optimal growth of the fetus it is important to have a correct diet guaranteeing the right supply of nutrients and vitamins as well as periodically checking the weight. During the second trimester the fetus requires a large amount of proteins and fats to be able to double its weight, so the diet during pregnancy must ensure a correct amount of these nutrients. During pregnancy, the proteins necessary to maintain a constant level in breast milk are stored by the mother's body. Increases water retention caused by high hormone levels. Extra water is needed for the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid and the mother's organs. Thyroid change in pregnancy During pregnancy, the thyroid gland often increases in volume due to the increased blood supply. A few weeks after giving birth, thyroid function returns to normal. Smell in pregnancy In pregnancy, smells are more intense and some seem different and less pleasant than usual. In this regard, some studies argue that it is an innate self-defense mechanism of the mother's body that prevents the future mother from taking substances that are not very beneficial for the baby. Changes in the emotional state in pregnancy During pregnancy, the strongest human feelings, love and fear, are constantly solicited, albeit to varying degrees and in relation to external circumstances. In the first trimester of gestation there is considerable emotional lability perhaps favored by the rapid production of hormones. An undertone of anxiety is almost always associated with lability. Not infrequently there are conflicting feelings of love and rejection towards the product of conception. It is common for many symptoms associated with pregnancy, particularly nausea, to be amplified to challenge the partner and family. So-called birthmarks can be the ultimate expression. The second trimester is characterized by emotional stability. The woman is confident and is remarkably active, she begins preparations for the unborn child and the ambivalence towards the fetus disappears. In the third trimester there is a certain degree of apathy, listlessness and fatigue for which the woman again tends to rely on her partner, especially in carrying out various domestic activities. In recent weeks, the anxiety directed above all towards the fear of childbirth has reappeared. In some women the approach of labor coincides with carrying out activities often without a specific purpose, such as cleaning the house suddenly and without necessity. Hormones in pregnancy Hormones are the major culprits for pregnancy symptoms. Estrogen The estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum is mainly produced by the placenta and stimulates uterine development to provide the fetus with a comfortable environment. Estrogen also helps prepare the breasts for breastfeeding. Progesterone Progesterone is produced initially by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta which plays the important role of maintaining the conditions suitable for pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions for this reason it prevents spontaneous abortion in the first period of pregnancy and contributes to the preparation of the breast for breastfeeding. Mammamather pocket obstetrician

For an attentive mother like you, here is the guide that explains how to dress your baby's umbilical stump, clean the newborn's navel scar and know when to notify the pediatrician if the navel does not fall, stinks, if there are smelly umbilical secretions, what to do in case of infection, if it bleeds, if it stinks or is red Baby cord The umbilical cord during pregnancy ensures the survival of the fetus by providing it with nutrients, oxygen and eliminating waste. After the birth of the baby, following the cut of the umbilical cord, the blood vessels that cross it will close in a short time and the umbilical cord of a few centimeters will remain attached to the belly of the baby, closed with a cord clamp, destined to dry up and fall after a short time. After the cord is cut, the drying or mummification process begins: the cord dries, becoming hard and opaque until it falls spontaneously. Well mom, let's see together how to take care of your baby's umbilical stump and recognize if something is wrong. Umbilical stump after birth The umbilical cord is the last memory of your baby's life in utero and after its cut it needs to be cleaned and medicated at least once a day. A dirty navel could promote infection of the stump itself and inflammation of the surrounding area. During hospitalization, the dressing of the cord is done by hospital staff but, once at home, you will need to take care of it so that it dries properly and detaches from the baby's belly. At each dressing you will have to make sure that the umbilical scar does not redden and that the whole process of falling off the stump takes place in an optimal manner Cleaning the umbilical cord During the first days after birth, Wharton's jelly is clearly visible in the umbilical stump which gives it a slightly transparent appearance and a semi-soft consistency. During this phase the umbilical cord must be medicated with 12-volume hydrogen peroxide to be used to sanitize the base of the cord and with alcohol to disinfect only the umbilical cord. Some pediatricians advise not to use any disinfectant for cleaning the cord, judging this practice is now old, it will be your choice to decide whether or not to use a disinfectant for the umbilical stump or no substance for cleansing. The dressing of the umbilical cord must be done with a sterile gauze compress soaked, firstly cleaning the area around the stump in order to remove any secretions present and then the entire length of the cord itself. Frequent and careful cleaning of the umbilical cord prevents the risk of infections, inflammation and sepsis. After disinfection, the umbilical cord is wrapped in a sterile gauze and held in place with an umbilical retina to be changed at least once a day and every time it becomes dirty with urine or feces of the newborn. With the passing of the days the umbilical cord becomes harder and harder with a yellowish color, in this second phase cleaning with alcohol is no longer necessary as a prolonged dressing that wets the drying cord can delay the drying of the stump itself. It will be sufficient to clean the area around the baby's navel from various residues and keep it dry and as exposed to the air as possible in order to promote dehydration of the umbilical cord and detachment. After cleaning, the cord should be protected with a sterile gauze and if you prefer by a net to be changed often. Medicating the navel does not cause any pain or discomfort to the newborn. Umbilical cord dressing Well, let's see step by step how to do the umbilical stump dressing. Wash and dry your hands; Fold or unfold the diaper tabs; Clean the area surrounding the navel with a gauze soaked in hydrogen peroxide or physiological solution, removing the umbilical secretions; Clean only the part of the stump with a sterile gauze soaked in denatured alcohol; Let the freshly cleaned funiculus air dry for a few minutes; Wrap the entire segment of the cord with dry sterile gauze. Do not worry if the baby cries during the dressing, does not feel any pain, is just annoyed by contact with the gauze or with the mother's cold hands. Umbilical cord dressing and diaper change If the umbilical cord is kept dry and exposed to air, its healing will be faster so when you put the diaper on the baby you have to be careful. To prevent the stump in mummification from getting wet with pee, it is good to fold the diaper on the front or cut it so that it does not cover the navel. In the phase in which the cord is still attached, dress it with t-shirts that you can easily raise and lower instead of the classic one-piece suits in order to prevent the diaper from crawling on the crust of the baby's navel by detaching the small crusts that form in the peri-umbilical area. If the gauze in which the stump is wrapped gets wet with pee or dirty with feces, you can safely wash the umbilical cord with running water, but immediately afterwards, dry the cord and the area around the navel thoroughly with a soft towel and keep it for a while in contact with the air. Once this is done, wrap the dry stump again in the sterile gauze. Umbilical cord and baby bath Many mothers wonder if they can bathe their newborn with the cord attached. It was once said that until the stump falls off you shouldn't bathe your baby, but that's not really true. If the cord is not detached, the baby can take quick showers or baths, after which it will be sufficient to dry the baby's navel thoroughly and keep it exposed to the air to evaporate any residual water. The advice always remains that to accelerate the detachment of the abutment it must be kept as dry as possible. If the baby is not really dirty or sweaty, you can opt for sponge cleansers in order to preserve the quick detachment of the stump. Umbilical cord fall When does the umbilical cord fall out? The fall of the umbilical cord is a spontaneous process that should never be forced and generally occurs 15 - 20 days after birth. As the days go by, the part of the stump attached to the navel becomes thin, hard and blackish in color. It is not uncommon for a yellowish and creamy substance to form around the attachment of the navel with the cord that does not give off a bad smell. This is the mummification process of the cord which is absolutely physiological and normal. If the cord does not come off after a long time from birth, it is good to notify the pediatrician. When the umbilical cord is detached, a few drops of blood may appear but don't worry, it's completely normal. After the cord falls off, it will be necessary to continue dressing the wound area for a few days until it heals completely. The dressing to the navel of the newborn should be done with a dry egret, taking care to remove any fallen crusts. At this stage, the pediatrician may recommend putting a few drops of chromium mercury or a healing spray such as Katoxyn on the navel wound. When to contact the pediatrician? If you notice signs of infection on the stump or the child feels pain when touching the part, it is always good to notify the pediatrician. It is necessary to consult the pediatrician in these circumstances: The cord does not detach after 20 days from birth; The newborn's abdomen is red with an inflamed navel; The newborn feels pain when you touch the area around the navel; There are foul-smelling umbilical secretions or pus; You often find traces of blood from the baby belly button. Infection of the baby belly button The presence of greenish yellow umbilical secretions is almost always a sign of infection of the stump. If the newborn has the umbilical cord that stinks with the leakage of liquid from the navel, it is always necessary to contact the pediatrician. Smell your baby's cord frequently: if the navel stinks, it smells bad, it is a sign that something is wrong with the probability that there is an infectious process. Blood from the navel A few drops of blood from the navel, especially when it comes off, is absolutely normal, but continuous loss is not normal. If you often notice traces of blood in the gauze in which the cord is wrapped, check if the umbilical clamp is properly closed and consult your pediatrician in a very short time. Protruding navel If, once the baby's navel has healed, it assumes a protruding shape that becomes particularly evident when the baby cries or strains, it could be an umbilical hernia. The umbilical hernia of the newborn should not cause particular concern because it generally resolves spontaneously within the first two months of life by putting an umbilical hernia belt on the newborn. Umbilical granuloma If a fleshy growth appears between the stump and the navel of the newborn, producing a secretion similar to pus, it is a granuloma. Umbilical granuloma is a small reddish nodule ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm, moist and rounded, located between the skin folds of the navel, which forms as a result of a cord infection or a significant delay in falling. The treatment is based on the application in the granuloma of a silver nitrate pencil that burns the neoformation, or by applying a preparation with salicylate sugar always under pediatric prescription. Navel reddened If the area around the navel is very swollen and red it could be omphalitis. Omphalitis is a rather rare infection due to a bacterium, Staphylococcus Aureus, which can cause fever in the newborn. Antibiotic therapy quickly eliminates umbilical omphalitis infection. Products for the dressing of the stump Here are the useful products for cord dressing, by clicking on them you can buy them. Baby Navel Stickers Breathable Sterile Dressing Umbilical network Umbilical gauze Betadine Crema antisettica e antibatterica brulidina Silver nitrate pencil Dear mom I hope this guide has been of help to you, it is normal to feel unseated during the first care of the little one, you will see that in a short time the gestures of every day will become a moment of sweet pampering with your baby. Don't forget to always trust your mommy instincts. To be always informed sign up for our news letter below and follow us on Instagram, you will never be alone. If you are about to have a baby, make your own Amazon Birth List. With the Amazon Birth List you can make a list of the things you need for your baby and share it with friends and family in order to receive the gift you need and that you have chosen. 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Signs of labour consist of clear pre-delivery signs consisting of: Loss of mucous plug; Preparatory or prodromal contractions; Dilation of the cervix; Diarrhea; Backache. Signs of labor: what are they? There are some pre-delivery symptoms that the mother's body sends that you should watch out for because they are clear signs that labor could be triggered shortly thereafter. Decreased abdominal distension; Braxton Hicks Preparatory Contractions; Changes in the cervix and dilation of the cervix; Small vaginal discharge and loss of the mucous plug Sudden surge of energy Diarrhea Nausea. A small minority of women report as pre-natal symptoms: Chills; Stinging similar to stomach pain or menstrual pain Leg pain Headache. First signs of labor: decrease in abdominal distension During the last weeks of pregnancy the fetus begins to descend to the lower part of the pelvis. As a result of this descent, the whole uterus moves downwards, no longer exerting pressure on the diaphragm and making breathing easier. You will notice this change because you will be able to take deeper breaths as the rib cage can expand more. On the other hand, with the increase in the pressure of the uterus downwards, the following symptoms may be noted before labor: Leg cramps and pains caused by the pressure the uterus exerts on the underlying nerves. Increased urinary frequency as the uterus presses harder on the bladder increasing the urge to urinate. Increased edema and swelling of the lower limbs. Increased vaginal discharge. Signs of onset of labor: Braxton Hicks preparatory contractions Braxton Hicks contractions are irregular contractions that occur sporadically during pregnancy but are not painful. A sign before labor begins is that the pre-natal contractions begin to be closer together and annoying. The pain of pre-birth contractions seems to be localized in the abdomen and groin, being felt as a sensation of stretching or cramps similar to menstrual pain. When the preparatory contractions are strong and annoying enough, you may think you are in labor but it could also be false labor. False labor should not be a reason for frustration or embarrassment, on the contrary, it is advisable to go to the hospital to dispel any uncertainty by doing a checkup. In general, the best method to understand whether it is labor contractions or Braxton Hicks contractions is to check the time interval between one contraction and the next with a watch in hand. If the interval between contractions is equal to 5 minutes or less and this frequency lasts for at least an hour, it is certainly not a false labor. Cervical changes and dilation, pre labour symptoms One of the signs of labor is a change in the cervix. A considerable change occurs in the cervix in the very early period before delivery. At the beginning of pregnancy, the cervix is ​​rigid to keep the fetus protected, in the stages preceding birth the cervix must soften and shorten to allow the baby to dilate and pass into the vagina. The softening of the cervix is ​​called cervical ripening. When the term of pregnancy approaches, the collagen fibers that keep the cervix tightly closed are swept away and therefore the ability of the neck cells to bind to each other is lacking, favoring the increase of the water content in the cells themselves. . All these modifications lead to a weakening and therefore to a softening of the cervix, a sign that precedes childbirth. Small vaginal discharge and loss of mucous plug among the signs that labor is close Loss of the mucous plug is one of the symptoms that childbirth is imminent. During pregnancy, vaginal secretions build up to form a barrier called a mucous plug. With the weakening and softening of the cervix, the mucous plug collapses in the vagina and is expelled, in some cases resulting in a small loss of blood from the cervical capillaries involved. Vaginal discharge appears faded pink, in medical jargon the woman is said to be marking, and labor usually starts within a few days or hours. Small pinkish-brown vaginal discharge should not be confused with the consequence of a more in-depth vaginal examination, perhaps with stripping to stimulate labor and are not a warning sign of childbirth. If the leaks are bright red and abundant, go to the hospital as soon as possible for a medical evaluation. For further information : loss of the mucous plug Sudden spike in energy, pre labor symptoms Many pregnant women around 24-48 before the onset of labor report a peak of energy, a phenomenon that takes the name of nest syndrome. The nest syndrome generally occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy just close to childbirth and is characterized by the expectant mother to arrange everything in the house, clean, tidy up, tidy up, essentially tidy up the nest and have everything ready and neat for welcome the baby into the house. The cause of a pregnant woman's energy spike is unknown but it can represent a valid symptom especially for people close to the pregnant woman. A sudden change in lifestyle, perhaps from too sedentary to too active, certainly has a very specific cause and represents a bell for the family of the woman about to give birth. Diarrhea before labor Diarrhea before childbirth could be confused with an intestinal problem, in reality very often it represents a signal that the birth is imminent. The cause of pre-birth diarrhea is the release into the maternal body of prostaglandins which serve to modify the cervix before actual labor starts. Prostaglandins therefore stimulate not only the prodromal phase of labor but also intestinal peristalsis causing diarrhea and frequent bowel movements. First signs of oncoming labor: nausea Vomiting and nausea before childbirth are very frequent so much so that there is an ancient saying that says "Woman who vomits gives birth!" Nausea before childbirth is due to several factors: the digestive system is affected by the hormonal changes that precede childbirth; uterine contractions affect the intestine, hindering normal intestinal peristalsis. In the days or hours before childbirth, episodes of nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite are not uncommon. Chills of cold Some women feel weak, cold, and complain of chills before giving birth. Through the thrill the mother's body begins to prepare for labor so that it stays warm and rests to build up strength. It is not uncommon for the sensation of shivering to begin precisely in conjunction with the arrival of the first contractions. Back pain and leg pain before labor Locating the exact point of discomfort in the first contractions is not always easy. Preparto pain is characterized by a series of sensations ranging from: pain in the lower back; pangs in the vagina; feeling of heaviness in the legs. Pain is difficult to explain, so each woman describes it differently; uterine contraction could evoke pain in the lower abdomen, a feeling of compression in the lower back, or a stretching sensation in the abdomen and legs. These are all normal symptoms that indicate that labor is near. When to go to the hospital When the contractions become regular with 2 contractions every 10 minutes for at least 1 hour; When the membranes rupture; If there is blood loss When you have not perceived the movements of the fetus for several hours; If you don't feel comfortable staying at home. mammamather pocket obstetrician Read also: How to prepare the maternity bag? How to choose the right pacifier? 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The choice of the newborn cradle must be made taking into account the safety of the baby's sleep. Here for you mom the ultimate guide of Mammamather that helps you choose a reliable cradle. Summary Cradle what to watch out for Models of cribs Prices cots Requirements for a baby cot The best cribs of 2021 Cot, what to watch out for When a baby is about to be born, the preparations never end and the preparation of the bedroom is one of the most beautiful and fun moments for future parents. The cradle is one of the first things to buy and it is not easy to decide among many cradles the right one. Style counts but certainly comfort, practicality and safety have a greater weight. Models of cribs In general, there are two types ofcradles: Standard cots; Transformable cradles Standard baby cribs have a lowerable side and sometimes even a container drawer at the bottom. The transformable baby cots are intended to accompany the baby in the growth by readapting and stretching as the infant grows. From an extendable cradle you have: a cot, a bed for children and finally a single bed. It is good to choose a cot that has both solid slats so as to withstand the baby's jumps, and a height-adjustable mattress so that it can be raised when the newborn is small and lowered when the baby becomes older hindering escape attempts. Another aspect to take into account when choosing the baby cot are the wheels. Some models areequipped with wheels making the cradles transportable from one room to another. The cradle with wheels must be fitted with a fermo so as to prevent it from getting marriedor moving withthe jumps or movements of the baby. The classic shape of the cradle is rectangular but on the market thereare also oval and rounded cradles and. If you choose a round cot you should consider buying sheets and mattress covers of the same shape because the standard ones are not good. Different speech is for the small cradles to be used for the very first months of the newborn that usually have an oval shape to offer the newborn a more intimate environment, in these cases the sheets adapt very well to the shape. Cot prices The cost of the cradle varies from the type of model and the material; generally, the more elaborate the cots are, the more they cost. The choice of style anddecorations of the culletta are a personal factor, you may prefer a baby bed that matches the décor of the bedroom orppure aor in view of placing itor in the child'sbedroom as asofa when it will be older. The cost of the cradle also depends on the material, surely the wooden cradles have a higher cost, while for example the cradle that attaches to the bed or the wicker cots guarantee safety with a lower cost. Online you will find cheap cots with prices for all budgets and always up-to-date offers. Baby cots: essential requirements When buying a cot you must always make sure that it complies with the European standard UNI EN 716-1: 2019 which in addition to certifying maximum reliability in the mechanisms that control the sliding sides requires that these are at least 60 cm high starting from the net and once lowered, reach the height of 20 cm starting from the mattress. Bars should have a distance between them of not less than 6 cm and not more than 7.5 cm. Always buy a baby cot with declaration and documents of compliance with current legislation. Cradle, the guide to choose the right one Here are the features that a cradle must have for a safe sleep of the newborn. Baby cot side Land culland for babies must have at least one bank thatlowers , so that it willbe easier to pull up and put the baby to sleep. The unlocking of the banks must be silent and close very well. Check if you can lower and raise the bank with one hand. Baby cot structure The structure of the cradle must be sturdy. The test could be to give a nice shake to test the solidity and this same operation must be repeated at home after the purchase and assembly. Make sure that all parts, screws, supports and nuts hold up well and do not make noise. The corner posts of the cribs must be flush, at the top with the closing panels. Material of the newborn cradle. The cot for a newborn can be: In naturalwood; In varnishedwood; In bamboor; Wicker; In rattan. The metalmaterials (bolts,screws, brackets) that make up the baby cots must be securely fixed and without sharp edges and areas that can pinch or injurethe baby. The wood of the children's hedn must never have cracks or paint that comes off. Model of baby cots It is always good to opt for a model of cradle that does not create dangers, andlife the canopy cradles and rich in decorations so that the child does notrun the risk ofgetting stuck. Always pay attention that the dimensions and measurements of the cot are up to standard and that it is ergonomic for the newborn. Check that the cradle models: Rocking With wheels Folding Salvaspazio Meet the safety requirements of the legislation. Cot mattress The cot mattress must be compact and durable. Often mattresses for cribs are sold separately so even if you use a used bed it is always better to buy a new mattress. The mattress must be the exact size of the cot and never smaller. Standard cot mattresses for a cot of normal size must be rigid and measure at least 70 x130 with a thickness of no more than 15 cm. Oval or round beds need a mattress designed to fit the specific shape of the crib. Always make sure that the cot mattress adheres perfectly to the inside of the cot. If a space greater than two fingers remains free, the mattress is not good. Also pay attention to the support for the mattress with adjustable height. The higher level will allow you to easily lift the newborn and as the baby grows you can lower the bottom of the cradle. Cot cot with drawer The drawers under the cot can be useful for storing sheets and linen of the newborn. Consider choosing a crib cabinet or a crib with drawers when space is small. Transformable cradle In the market there are cradles that offer the possibility of converting into a real cot. If you decide to buy a cot carefully evaluate that the cot conversion kit is not sold separately because it can be very expensive. Used cots Choose the safe used. A new cradle would be better, but thealternative ofasecond-hand cradle is fine as long as it meets certain requirements. Avoid using antique beds or those over 15, 20 yearsold. Old cradles, especially those manufactured before 1973 but also some models made between 1980 and 2000 do not meet current safety standards. In fact, they may have bars that are too spaced, be painted with lead paints, have splinters or cracks in the wood or present other risks that you may not notice such as a deterioration of the corner pillars or an unsafe height. Bumper Bumpers should never be used to ward off the risk of choking, entrapment or SIDS. The best cribs of 2021 and opinions Katie Cot Bed By Tutti Bambini Tutti Bambini is synonymous with safety. The Foppapedretti baby crib has a fixed side and a double height adjustable side that makes it easy to pick up the baby and tidy up the bed. The bed base has solid beech wood slats, like the whole structure of the cradle. Painted with non-toxic colors and tested by current European legislation. It is equipped with standard wheels which makes it a transportable cradle. Large space-saving drawer for storing everything. The price is also advantageous. Chicco Next2Me Bedside Baby Crib The very famous netx2me Chicco cradle is the best in its category. It is a cot that attaches to the double bed or to be placed next to the bed. The side edge of the cradle opens with one hand and allows the baby to sleep next to the mother but without the risk of SIDS or suffocation. It is fully compatible with most beds as it has eleven levels of adjustable height. Attaching the cradle to the bed is easy and safe. The cot mattress is included and is up to standard to safely support the baby's sleep. It has a removable and washable fabric cover which guarantees hygiene. Chicco's last gem is a rocking cradle, in fact parents can activate the rocking mode simply with their foot to cradle the newborn and make him fall asleep. Convertible Mini Crib The extendable crib follows the growth of the child by transforming into a bed. It has three height positions and built according to safety standards, painted with natural and non-toxic colors. The mattress is in certified foam rubber, covered in aloe vera, hypoallergenic and antibacterial. Kinfderkraft baby cot The kinderkraft cradle is beautiful, solid, and functional. The legs are made of solid wood and as well as being beautiful they guarantee stability. The crib is made of pine wood, as are the side bars which makes it totally non-toxic. The mattress is made of non-deformable, hypoallergenic and antibacterial foam. The bed base is adjustable on three levels. Truly an amazing crib. Obaby Grace Mini Cot Bed The cradle for babies is in solid wood equipped with two lowerable sides. The bed base is made of beech wood slats. The edges are rounded and painted with non-toxic paint A beautiful, practical and economical cradle. Fillikid bedside cot The Fillikid cradle is a real revolution, in fact, it combines the solidity of a beech wood cradle with the possibility of letting the baby sleep next to the bed but in a safe way. The cradle is made of natural wood, sturdy and massive and can withstand loads up to 20 kg. For good ventilation, the area under the mattress is provided with holes. Wicker basket for newborn Baby baskets are beautiful and romantic. It is a solid bassinet suitable for the first months. Many mothers think that buying this type of wicker basket for babies is not very convenient in reality it is not. Being sturdy and easily transportable, the baby basket can be used not only for the night but for daytime naps. The fact of being small is very comforting for the newborn who feels safe almost as if he were in contact with the uterine walls. The WALDIN cradle combines beauty with practicality, in fact, it is manufactured according to standards, with safety certification. There are no dangerous wooden components. Equipped with hood and mosquito net. Maxi-Cosi Iora cradle The Maxi-Cosi Iora sleeping baby cot is suitable for babies up to 9 kg in weight. It is placed next to the bed in total safety and ease. It has an adjustable height on five levels to adapt to the size of the parents' bed. It can be reclined forward which makes it very useful for infants suffering from regurgitation. The cradle is foldable to be easily transported or simply to be stored in a small space. Mattress included covered in hypoallergenic, breathable cotton compatible with all types of sheets. Large basket under the cot to have everything you need close at hand. Well mom after this roundup of cradles you just have to choose the one you like best To know more how to prepare the bag for childbirth what are the symptoms of labor how future dads experience pregnancy If you are about to have a baby, make your own Amazon Birth List. With the Amazon Birth List you can make a list of the things you need for your baby and share it with friends and family in order to receive the gift you need and that you have chosen. There is no obligation to purchase but only benefits What are you waiting for? Make your birth list now!

Premature birth is an event that puts mother and fetus at risk and requires adequate management. In this article I will explain the mechanisms that lead to the birth of a premature baby, the symptoms, the therapies that are used to maintain pregnancy in the event of a threat of preterm birth and the possible consequences for the fetus with an early birth. Summary Premature birth When is premature birth defined? Premature birth: when you are out of danger Factors that increase the likelihood of premature birth Causes of premature birth Signs and symptoms of premature birth Avoid Preterm Birth: Preventing Premature Birth Therapy for the threat of premature birth Pulmonary maturation of the fetus with corticosteroids At how many weeks the fetus is most likely to survive Premature birth Premature birth occurs when a woman gives birth to a premature baby between the 22nd week and the 37th week of pregnancy. Bringing the pregnancy to term requires a harmonious mechanism of the maternal body and the fetal body. The failure of a link in the chain can cause anomalies that can result in a threat of premature birth or with the need to anticipate delivery to safeguard the well-being of the fetus in relation to the risk-benefit of staying in the uterus. All obstetric and fetal situations that cause a risk of preterm birth require adequate pregnancy surveillance , in accordance with the guidelines, and the implementation of procedures to ensure the safety of the mother and baby. Unfortunately, in some clinical situations there is no possibility of avoiding the early birth of the fetus which results in a premature birth. Many women expect to have a physiological experience of pregnancy and the threat of an early birth is a reason for anger or a sense of guilt because the product of conception was not able to be safeguarded. Dear mom, the important thing is never to lose sight of the goal ... to bring a child into the world. When is premature birth? Pregnancy lasts approximately 40 weeks. When the newborn has completed maturation it will lead to birth in a period between the 38th week and the 42nd week of gestation. A birth that occurs between week 22 and week 36 of gestation is called a preterm birth. In turn, premature birth is divided into: Late premature birth: when the fetus is born between the 34th and 37th week of pregnancy Severe premature birth: when the baby is born between the 25th and 33rd week of gestation E xtreme premature birth : if the baby is born before the 25th week of gestation Premature birth: when you are out of danger The gestation period in which preterm birth occurs has a heavy weight on the risks associated with the survival and health of the premature baby. A premature baby born between the 25th and 29th week of pregnancy certainly has fewer chances of survival and a greater chance of reporting diseases related to maturity. A premature baby between the 30th and the 33rd week of pregnancy certainly has a greater chance of survival also in consideration of the great advances made by neonatal medicine. The birth of a preterm baby in these weeks will require admission to neonatal intensive care where it will be able to complete growth in a thermo-incubator. The birth of a newborn between the 34th week and the 37th week is certainly less likely to have fetal complications. The newborn is not totally out of danger, but it certainly has a greater ability to adapt to extrauterine life. Preterm birth in twin pregnancy, which in itself has a higher probability of premature birth, should also be taken into consideration. In most cases, premature twins require a period of hospitalization in the NICU For cases of births below the 23rd week of pregnancy we speak of abortion and not of the birth of a premature fetus. Factors that increase the likelihood of premature birth Smoke Drug use Stress Obesity Previous premature birth Medically assisted procreation: IVF, ICSI, egg donation Infections Short interval between pregnancies. Causes of premature birth As mentioned, early birth is defined as any birth that took place before 36 weeks and 6 days, essentially when you give birth at the beginning of the ninth month, in the eighth month, in the seventh month or worse in the sixth month it is an early birth The gestational period in which delivery takes place plays a fundamental role in the well-being of the newborn. The causes of preterm labor are many and some may be concomitant. Generally the causes of premature birth can be found in three macro-categories: Maternal causes; Fetal causes; Placental causes. Premature birth due to maternal causes The pathologies that represent a risk of premature birth are represented both by factors that purely concern the female reproductive system and by systemic pathologies of the mother that have a negative impact on the course of pregnancy. Among the maternal causes are: Uterine malformations; Cervical incontinence; Cervico-vaginal infections; Cholestasis of pregnancy; Hypertension; Pre eclampsia and eclampsia; Severe underweight; Stress; Age (less than 20 years and over 38 years); Physical injury or trauma; Fetal causes of preterm labor Preterm birth can originate from causes that affect the fetus (s) and its well-being such as: Monochorionic and monoamniotic twin pregnancies in which the fetuses are in a single amniotic sac and are fed by a single placenta. In these cases, delivery must take place no later than 35 weeks. Bi-chorionic and biamniotic twin pregnancies in which the fetuses are in two different amniotic sacs and are each fed by a placenta. In these cases, the guidelines recommend that delivery be completed no later than 37 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal stunting in which the fetus stops growing and shows signs of distress. Placental causes of premature birth The placental causes of premature birth concern pathologies and functional alterations of the placenta such as: Placenta previa; Placental malformations; Premature rupture of membranes; Excess of amniotic fluid, polyhydramnios; Detachment of placenta. However, it must be said that there are other causes of preterm birth in which serious maternal or fetal conditions suggest that it is appropriate to carry out the birth quickly. In the event that a risk of preterm birth is suspected, it is advisable to go to a suitable facility equipped with neonatal intensive care in order to ensure adequate support for the newborn. Signs and symptoms of premature birth It is important to know the symptoms associated with preterm birth so that you can go to the hospital right away. The goal is to counteract premature labor so that it does not get to a point where it does not respond to any treatment. Periodic checks during pregnancy are used to verify that the uterine cervix does not undergo changes. Signs of a threat of premature birth: Uterine contractions occurring less than or equal to 10 minutes with or without pain. Moderate cramps similar to menstrual pain perceived in the lower abdomen. Constant or intermittent feeling of weight down. Rupture of the membranes. Back pain: dull, constant or intermittent pain even of low intensity in the back Loss of mucous plug and abundant pinkish vaginal discharge Abdominal cramps with or without diarrhea. If these symptoms are present, it is advisable to go to the nearest hospital in order to intervene quickly. The risk of premature birth may require: Hospitalization. Absolute rest. Hydration with intravenous infusions. Blood chemistry tests. Vaginal culture and urine culture in order to detect any infections that may have triggered contractile activity. Drug therapy which consists of the administration of drugs to try to suppress uterine contractions. Cervical cerclage If the threat has disappeared and there are no dangers for the mother and the fetus, discharge and return home requires the implementation of measures that minimize the risk that the threat of premature birth is repeated. Avoid Preterm Birth: Preventing Premature Birth There are behaviors that help reduce the risk of premature birth represented by: Rest for a long time at least two or three times a day lying on the left side; Take 2-3 liters of water per day; Avoid caffeinated sodas and carbonated soft drinks; Empty your bladder at least every 2 hours while awake; Avoid lifting heavy objects and if there are small children in the house, avoid picking them up; Avoid stimulation of the nipples and breasts; Reduce or eliminate sexual activity. After a threat of preterm birth the lifestyle of pregnancy changes. In order not to get too bored, carry out pleasant activities even at rest such as reading, doing small manual jobs, trying to focus on one day or one week at a time rather than on longer periods of time. If it is necessary to remain at rest, equip a room such as the living room where you do not remain isolated for too long. Therapy for the threat of premature birth Therapy to counteract the risk of premature birth essentially depends on the cause. Therapies to counter the threat of premature birth are: Cervicometry; Tocolytic drugs; Progesterone; Cerclage; Pressario; Magnesium sulfate; Antibiotics. Cervicometry Cervicometry is the ultrasound measurement of the length of the cervical canal. A shortening of the cervix is ​​a sign that the cervix is ​​changing with the risk of labor being triggered. The length of the cervical canal is a good predictor of the risk of premature birth but should not be taken as an isolated indicator. The guidelines recommend undergoing cervicometry during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy between the 18th and 24th week of pregnancy. In these cases, the measurement of the cervix represents a screening to identify cases of shortened cervix early. Tocolytic drugs If a diagnosis is made of a threat of preterm birth caused by an excess of uterine contractility that determines the shortening and premature maturation of the cervix, drugs are administered to try to block uterine contractions. The decision of which drug to use depends on the gestational age of the fetus, the presence of maternal pathologies and the side effects. The tocolytic drugs used to try to counteract the risk of premature birth are: Indomethacin: prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors Nifedipine: calcium channel blockers Ritodrine, Terbutaline: Beta-sympathomimetics Atosiban: oxytocin antagonists Magnesium sulfate Indomethacin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins responsible for contractions of the myometrium , that is, the muscular part of the uterus. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors are among the most successful drugs for countering premature labor but with potential side effects, therefore, their use is not recommended after the thirty-second week. Nifedipine is a vasodilator that inhibits the passage of calcium inside the membranes by inhibiting their contraction. Calcium antagonists are contraindicated in the case of cardiac pathology and hypotension of the mother. Atosiban, known by the name of Tractocile, is the drug most used i n the threat of premature birth as it presents fewer risks for both mother and fetus. According to the latest Sigo guidelines, tocolytic drugs can be administered by 34.6 weeks of pregnancy. Progesterone Progesterone inhibits prostaglandins which are responsible for cervical ripening and changes in the cervix. Generally, progesterone is used in women who have had a previous history of premature birth due to early changes in the cervix. Progesterone can be administered intramuscularly, orally or vaginally. Cervical cerclage Cervical cerclage is a surgical procedure that serves to correct and prevent cervical insufficiency. Cervical incontinence causes an early opening of the cervix which seriously endangers the continuation of the pregnancy. With cerclage, the cervix is ​​held tight by a special tape that will be removed at the end of pregnancy. The recommended gestational period for cervical cerclage is between the 16th and 24th week. Pressario The pressarium is an invasive vaginal device that can be used in women with a shortened cervix between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. The device would act by changing the angle between the cervix and uterus, thus decreasing both the pressure on the cervix and the contact between the membranes and the vaginal bacteria. There are several types of pessary: ​​most of the more recent studies have used the Arabin1 pessary. The use of the pessary as a prophylaxis of preterm birth can be promising, but the evidence is in progress. Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate is a drug used both in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and as a tocolytic. The drug gives good results but can only be used for short periods as long-term treatment could cause demineralization of the fetal bones. Recent studies have shown that the use of magnesium sulfate before the 32nd week of pregnancy has a fetal neuro-protective effect as it reduces the risk of cerebral palsy if the baby is born prematurely. What is the optimal treatment is yet to be clarified Antibiotics Antibiotic therapy is given in cases of preterm rupture of the membranes where the goal is to keep the pregnancy as long as possible. The use of antibiotics reduces the risk of infections for both the woman and the fetus and reduces fetal morbidity related to prematurity. The guidelines recommend a high dosage of antibiotics and, if necessary, also the combination of multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin and macrolides. Pulmonary maturation of the fetus with corticosteroids In cases where there is a threat of premature birth, the pulmonary maturation of the fetus is stimulated by administering cortisone to the mother. Prophylaxis is performed by administering intramuscularly: two 12-milligram doses of betamethasone one day apart or, alternatively, 4 doses of 6 milligram dexamethasone always intramuscularly, but 12 hours apart. Antenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis is effective in reducing perinatal mortality and morbidity in women at risk of preterm delivery between 24 and 34 gestational weeks, 24 hours to 7 days after dosing. At how many weeks the fetus is most likely to survive The incidence of preterm births is around 12% and the risk for the newborn is represented by the degree of immaturity resulting from the gestation period which, if too early, can lead to the death of the fetus. Due to immaturity, p remature babies are not adequately equipped to live a life outside the uterus , therefore, they need to be transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit where the uterine environment is recreated in thermo-cots. With the help of modern technologies, babies born even 10-12 weeks before term survive. Mammamather pocket obstetrics and gynecology

Have you lost your mucous plug and wonder when the contractions start and how long are you missing from delivery? Dear mom, you are in the right place! In this article I will tell you all about the loss of the mucous plug: when it is lost, how to understand if it is amniotic fluid or mucous plug, what color it is, what it means when it is streaked with blood and after how long you give birth I lost the mucous plug and now? The loss of the mucous plug during pregnancy is one of the signs that mothers await with trepidation in the last weeks of gestation and which, together with uterine contractions, indicates the approach of labor. One of the questions that mothers at the end of pregnancy ask themselves is "With the loss of the mucus plug, how long is it before delivery and if the gelatinous losses really anticipate labor?" It is important first of all to know the appearance and function of the mucous plug inside the cervix in order to be able to recognize it and understand the signs that birth is near. What is the mucous plug? When does it form? The mucous plug is a real vaginal plug that forms in the cervix in the first weeks of pregnancy and is made up of white gelatinous material with a mucous and dense appearance, odorless and composed mainly of water and glycoproteins. The main function of the gelatinous mucus in pregnancy inside the cervix is ​​to protect the fetus from infectious agents and harmful substances that could rise up from the cervical canal. The loss of the plug is a phenomenon that occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy and when there is its descent it is a sign that the cervix is ​​changing , for example it has shortened and brought to an anterior position and therefore is preparing to labor. White watery and mucous discharge at the end of pregnancy is physiological and a sign that the vagina is becoming more lubricated in preparation for delivery. The increased vaginal hydration takes the name of leucorrhea which, however, differs totally from the loss of the mucus plug. How to recognize the mucus plug? The appearance of the mucous plug differs from woman to woman according to the conformation of the organs of the female reproductive system and the hormone levels unique to each pregnant woman, in particular progesterone which induces thickening of the cervical mucus. The density, color and amount of secretions that are excreted can vary. The mucous plug has a characteristic appearance: it appears as a mass of gelatinous, filamentous, watery mucus with a color ranging from milky white to yellowish and in some cases it may appear bloodless or streaked with blood. When the cervical plug is lost, there is a feeling that something is coming out of the vagina and by checking oneself, the transparent, pink or brown substance is found in the panties. The loss of the mucous plug is therefore a loss of gelatinous mucus that can have a different color: thick, transparent white mucus; pink mucus; mucus of yellowish brown color; a loss of mucus with streaks of blood; discharge of mucus followed by a slight loss of blood, in this case it is said that the woman is marking and it is a clear signal that labor will begin shortly thereafter. How does the expulsion of the gelatinous cap take place? The leakage of the cork can have different times, the mucus plug can be lost little by little or all togethe The descent can be slow and precede labor by days or weeks or it can be all in one moment, for example, at the beginning of labor from delivery. The mucous plug is located in the cervix therefore the cervical modifications, such as the shortening of the neck in the prodromal phase (with preparatory contractions) determine its expulsion from the vagina to the outside, but this event must not be confused with the beginning. of labor. Losing the mucous plug is certainly a sign that labor is near but regular contractions and cervical dilation are necessary to be defined as active labor. Loss of mucus plug or amniotic fluid? The loss of the mucous plug and the rupture of the waters, even if they are prodromal signs of labor, are two totally different events. The rupture of the water causes an abundant and continuous leakage of amniotic fluid that wets panties , clothes and often also legs and floor. The loss of the mucous plug, on the other hand, causes a damp sensation in the linen but almost never gets to wet the woman. However, if you have doubts that the leaks are not mucous plug but amniotic fluid, it is always good to have a check by your obstetrician also because in case of confirmed rupture of the membranes and positive vaginal swab for streptococcus it will be necessary to administer an antibiotic to protect the fetus from any infections. For further information: breaking of the waters When is the mucus plug lost in pregnancy? The gelatinous losses in pregnancy that mark the approach of childbirth usually occur at the end of gestation and therefore in pregnancy to: 38 weeks 39 weeks 40 weeks 41 weeks Expulsion of the mucus plug in preterm pregnancy We must always take into account the circumstances in which the gelatinous loss occurs, if this occurs at the end of pregnancy it is a clear sign that the birth will be shortly and there is no danger, but if the loss of the cork occurs well in advance of the end of pregnancy is a signal that the cervix presents a dilatation and therefore a risk of premature birth. The loss of mucus in pregnancy before term requires obstetric monitoring to evaluate the presence of contractions, the dilation of the uterine cervix and measure the length of the cervix with cervicometry to ascertain and possibly start a suitable therapy for the threat of premature birth. Loss of the mucus plug, when missing the birth? When does labor begin? It is very difficult to establish with certainty the union of the mucous plug in childbirth, because the phenomena that lead to the initiation of contractions vary from pregnancy to pregnancy. Women with their first child may have the loss of the plug even days or weeks before the onset of labor, while women who have already given birth tend to lose the mucous plug and immediately go into labor. Obviously there is no precise and defined rule , it could also happen that a woman at the first birth loses the cork and immediately goes into labor and a woman who has already had children loses the gelatinous cork and goes into labor after days. It all depends on the contractions. There are signs accompanying clear mucous discharge and brown jelly-like discharge and are a clear signal that labor will begin soon: exhaustion low belly back pain contractions closer and closer It is not possible to determine when labor will begin, in some cases it may take days between the release of mucus and birth, in other cases the two may be closer in time. There are factors that favor the loss of the mucous plug such as: an internal obstetric visit to stimulate childbirth by detaching the membranes a sexual relationship in which the cervix is ​​mechanically stimulated both with coitus and with orgasm. Loss of mucous plug after membrane stripping Term of pregnancy it is possible to stimulate the birth with the detachment of the membranes which is called stripping. Basically, when the cervix is ​​slightly dilated, the midwife with a thorough examination detaches the membranes from the uterine walls near the cervix. This maneuver favors the onset of contractions and in most cases could cause the mucous plug to come out. Therefore losing the cap at term of pregnancy after the membranes have been detached is completely normal Loss of mucus plug what to do? Once the mucus plug has leaked, it is necessary to perform good intimate hygiene and monitor the presence of uterine contractions, in particular if they are from the latent phase of labor or from the active phase or are completely absent. Attention must be paid to vaginal discharge following the expulsion of the plug and therefore with: leakage of amniotic fluid; bleeding; brown or pink discharge. If the mucous loss is followed by abundant fluid loss, then the rupture of the membranes may have occurred so it is necessary to go to the hospital bringing the report of the vaginal swab. Brown discharge in late pregnancy is normal but should not be followed by profuse blood loss, in which case always go to the first nearby hospital. Finally, if losing the cork is followed by a valid and intense contractile activity, labor could have started. Loss of mucus plug and signs to watch out for There are cases in which the loss of the mucus plug has clear pathological signs: loss of mucous plug before term with risk of premature birth; leakage of the cork accompanied by abundant leakage of liquid, probable rupture of the membranes; mucous plug of greenish color; loss of the cork accompanied by bleeding; yellow, foul-smelling mucous plug. Leakage of the mucus plug, when to go to the hospital? If the loss of the mucous plug occurs in a period before the end of pregnancy it can be the signal of a threat of preterm birth, therefore, it is necessary to consult your doctor promptly. If the loss of the mucous plug is accompanied by abundant loss of fluid and secretions , it is advisable to do an obstetric check-up to assess whether there has been rupture of the membranes with leakage of amniotic fluid. If the mucous plug is greenish and smelly , it is absolutely necessary to perform a check in a very short time to assess whether the fetus is in fetal distress. If the loss of the mucus plug is accompanied by profuse loss of bright red menstruation-like blood, you should go to the hospital immediately to rule out a placental abruption. If the loss of the mucus plug is yellow and gives off a bad smell , it is advisable to perform an obstetric check-up to exclude the presence of infections, in these cases it would be desirable to undergo a vaginal swab to search for bacteria and fungi. I hope this guide was useful to you! Tell me how you lost the mucous plug and after how much you gave birth, I will be happy to read you. Mom. 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